. Islamists glamorize the Caliphate as something "good," but in its last years, the Ottoman Caliphate was bloated and corrupt. It gave rise to the Armenian genocide under Sultan Abdul-Hamid II. From the early 16th Century onwards, the Sultan of the Ottomans was also the Caliph. On November 1, 1922 the Sultanate was officially abolished and the deposed Abdul-Hamid lost his title of Caliph. 18 days later Abdul-Hamid’s cousin was inaugurated as Abdulmecid II the very last Caliph.
, which had formerly been the seat of the Ottoman Sultans, had been turned into a museum. A color photograph taken for Albert Kahn’s "Archive of the Planet" project, using the Lumiere brothers’ autochrome process, was taken on November 24, 1922 in the palace. It features the gigantic throne upon which the Sultans had sat.
became a Turkish dependency after the Battle of Mohacs . Three years later, the Siege of Vienna took place. Suleiman’s forces failed to take the city, and apart from a second attempt to invade
and adopted the title "Caliph". Selim I assumed power by forcing his father to abdicate and he murdered his own brothers to secure his position. He saw potential in Suleiman and had assisted his claim to the throne by killing Suleiman’s brothers (his own sons) and other male relatives. Selim I was, understandably, called "The Grim."
Suleiman I inherited some of his father’s cruelty. When he saw rivalry between two of his sons, Bayezid and Selim, he ordered that Bayezid be killed. After Suleiman’s death, Selim II became ruler and Caliph, but he was a drunkard and a womanizer who was unable to harness the military gains made by his father and grandfather. He never led his army on a campaign, and left most of the governing of the empire to Pashas. Selim II died on December 5, 1574 in

familysecuritymatters.org